If a wise person already has everything good, can another wise person still help him? Seneca says yes, and his answer is a lovely portrait of friendship between good people. They sharpen each other like wrestling partners, cheer each other on like spectators at a race, share discoveries, and give each other honest counsel. As […]

Lucilius is hungry to learn, and Seneca wants that hunger aimed well. In one of his warmest and most personal letters, he remembers being an eager young student, first to arrive and last to leave his teacher Attalus’s classroom, and even going vegetarian for a year. He describes the different kinds of students (some come […]

Lucilius is upset because people he trusted have run off and left him in the lurch. Seneca’s reply is a bracing pep talk: life isn’t a delicate business, and slips, collisions, losses, and betrayals come with the journey. We can’t avoid hardship, but we can prepare for it and meet it with a steady heart. […]

Lucilius has asked a strange technical question: is “the good” a physical thing? Seneca answers with the Stoic view that virtues and emotions are real forces that show up in the body: courage makes the eyes flash, joy brings calm, fear holds us back. But he can’t resist ending with a wink. Questions like this […]

What drives people to hurt each other? Seneca names five things: hope, envy, hatred, fear, and contempt. In this short, practical letter he shows how to avoid stirring up each one: live quietly, don’t flaunt what you have, don’t provoke, be easy to make peace with, and talk less. Then he gives the best safety […]